THE RED BALL EXPRESS. BUFFALO SOLDIERS: PART TWO

African American troops gave combat support by laying minefields, portable roads, clearing booby-traps, and fought as infantry when lines were breached. The U. S. Armed Forces were not integrated until 1948; only ten U. S. Divisions were not segregated. Over one million African Americans fought in the armed forces. The old railroad term “red ball” marked top priority, high-speed trains for time-sensitive cargo. African American drivers hauled fuel, ammunition, and supplies to the front lines across France in a 24/7 convoy of 6,000 vehicles because the rail networks were bombed. The “Red Ball Express” moved at night, under enemy fire, and transported 400,000 tons of supplies in 83 days. The Buffalo soldiers replaced lost infantry troops and helped turn the tide of the German offensive.

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Diana Dissette

Mission Statement: I must write about the Holocaust to teach human beings, so never again will people in our towns and villages fear for their lives. My WWII & Holocaust books are historical fiction mysteries which engage readers. My newsletter Vignettes of the WWII, Holocaust, & Post-War Era is available at diana@dianadissetteauthor.com. A Reader Resource Guide PDF (35 pages, no wiki) is available on the newsletter. The Nuremberg Series, Lexile Measure 840L, helps students to read between the lines in history while using critical thinking skills. Montana Cat Tales for Life-Long Learners, LLC publishes children’s picture books for ages 4-8, on earth science; emotions and feelings; family dynamics; and social-emotional learning (SEL). These books work to help children understand themselves, their place in the world through animal characters and human companions, and to find their authentic voice. They provide Learning to Learn Skills for Early Readers, sight-words, and phonics for academic enrichment. I am committed to being an effective member of the global digital community.

The 5 SEL Competencies: Self-Awareness, Social Awareness, Self-Management, Relationship Skills, and Responsible Decision-Making. CASEL.org

I Have Digital Literary Skills: I can locate information: I use digital technology to effectively search for relevant and reliable information sources. I can evaluate sources: I analyze sources of digital information for credibility, bias, and influence. I can interpret meaning: I determine meaning from various digital sources that represent multiple perspectives. I can express my ideas: I create digital content to express myself and voice my ideas. I can communicate with others: I safely and responsibly collaborate with and learn from others online, including those who think differently than I do. I can navigate technological ecosystems: I’m aware that my online actions influence my digital landscape, I leave a trail, and impact my privacy.   getdigitalskills.com  ISTE.org

Commitments of a Digital Citizen: I am inclusive: I engage with others online with respect and empathy. I am informed: I evaluate the accuracy, perspective, and validity of online information. I am engaged: I use technology for civic engagement and to be a force for good. I am balanced: I prioritize my time and activities online and offline. I am alert: I know how to be safe online and create safe spaces for others.  digcitcommit.org  ISTE.org   

The 7 Competencies for Technology in Education: Empowered Learner: I use technology to set goals, work toward achieving them, and demonstrating my learning. Global Collaborator: I strive to broaden my perspective, understand others, and work effectively in teams using digital tools. Digital Citizen: I understand the rights, responsibilities, and opportunities of living, learning, and working in an interconnected digital world. Creative Communicator: I communicate effectively and express myself creatively using different tools, styles, formats, and digital media. Knowledge Constructor: I critically select, evaluate, and synthesize digital resources into a collection that reflects my learning and builds my knowledge. Computational Thinker: I identify authentic problems, work with data, and use a step-by-step process to automate solutions. Innovative Designer: I solve problems by creating new and imaginative solutions using a variety of digital tools. ISTE.org  

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